In the Republic of Belarus, one of the first places in the structure of mortality and disability of the population, as in previous years, is occupied by diseases of the circulatory system.
The relevance of the problem of diseases of the circulatory system is also due to the high prevalence of this pathology. Every year in the world, 17.4 million people die for this reason. Leading risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in the Republic of Belarus
men
1. Alcohol – 21.2%
2. Smoking – 19.7%
3. High blood pressure – 15.6%
4. High cholesterol levels – 13.0%
5. Obesity – 7.7%
women
1.High blood pressure – 18.3%
2.Increased cholesterol levels - 15.6%
3. Obesity – 12.2%
4. Lack of vegetables and fruits in the diet – 8.1%
5. Insufficient physical activity – 7.5%
The goals of preventing cardiovascular diseases are:
1. Stop smoking;
2. Healthy eating;
3. Refusal of alcohol abuse;
4. Physical activity 30 minutes a day;
5. Body mass index less than 25 kg/m2;
6. Blood pressure less than 140/90 mm Hg. Art.;
7. Monitoring laboratory parameters: total cholesterol less than 5.0 mmol/l, LDL cholesterol less than 3 mmol/l, glucose less than 6.
Smoking:Smokers aged 30-40 years are 5 times more susceptible to developing cardiovascular diseases compared to non-smoking peers. Smokers are 1.2-2.4 times more likely to experience an accelerated course of atherosclerosis of the vessels of the heart and brain, coronary heart disease is formed, every 7th smoker suffers from obliterating arteritis. As a result of the action of nicotine, the heart rate increases, capillary spasm occurs, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, and the tendency to thrombosis increases.
Healthy eating:According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, a person should consume at least 400 g of vegetables and fruits daily. Limit your intake of easily digestible carbohydrates, primarily sugar. Limit the consumption of table salt to 4-5 grams per day. Limit the consumption of foods rich in cholesterol (caviar, brains, liver, butter, sour cream, cream, eggs) to less than 300 mg per day for cholesterol. Include foods containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet - seafood, fish - 2 times a week; vegetable oils - flaxseed, olive, corn, sunflower - about 2 tablespoons per day. Eat foods rich in potassium and magnesium: dried fruits, nuts, cereals, baked potatoes. Limit alcohol consumption to 20 grams per day of ethanol for men and to 10 grams per day for women.
Recommendations for physical activity:Physical therapy, swimming, and walking will help prevent physical inactivity. Running is indicated only for healthy people under 30 years of age, and for older people only after an ECG with stress tests. In order to prevent cardiovascular diseases, we can recommend walking at a pace of up to 100-110 steps per minute, up to 8-10-12 thousand steps per day, at least 4-5 times a week. Doctors have found that the minimum dynamic load is as follows: 3 times a week for 30 minutes at a comfortable pace. Those who engage in recreational running should remember that it is not recommended to run more than 30-40 km per week, since in this case the body’s reserves are depleted and performance decreases.
Body weight control:There is a linear relationship between body mass index and mortality. Both high and low values have a negative effect. Normal body mass index: from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2 Waist circumference for men is less than 102 cm, for women - less than 88 cm. It has been established that in people with obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, varicose veins and thrombophlebitis, arthritis, osteochondrosis, flat feet, and gout are 2-3 times more likely. The leading mechanism of obesity in most cases is overeating. The basis of obesity treatment is a balanced hypocaloric diet. At the same time, the rate of weight loss should be very moderate - no more than 0.5 kg per week, and for people with severe obesity - no more than 1 kg per week.
Hypertension:To prevent the development of arterial hypertension and its complications, it is necessary to fulfill at least four conditions: Focus not only on your well-being, but also on blood pressure indicators. Strive to reduce blood pressure to “optimal” levels (120-135/80-85) and constantly keep it within the specified limits. Treat arterial hypertension continuously (course therapy is unacceptable). When treating arterial hypertension, use medications selected by your doctor. Currently, the concept of “working hypertension”, when an increase in blood pressure is allowed in a satisfactory general condition, focusing not on objective indicators and blood pressure figures, but solely on complaints and subjective well-being, is unacceptable.
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